#2021

Photo: The Pluto Discovery Telescope

By Kevin Schindler

Percival Lowell postulated the existence of a planet beyond Neptune and began to search for it in 1905.

He spent his remaining 11 years in a mathematical and observational search for the elusive “trans-Neptunian” planet. Upon Lowell’s death in 1916, the search was suspended while the Observatory went through protracted legal wrangling about Lowell’s estate. In 1927, once the estate was finally settled, Percival’s brother — Harvard University President A. Lawrence Lowell — provided the funds needed to construct the telescope and dome you can still see every day here on guided tours.

The glass plates Tombaugh painstakingly compared in order to locate Pluto. | Lowell Observatory Archives

The new telescope was completed in 1929, and the Observatory hired a farm boy from Kansas named Clyde Tombaugh, who had impressed director V. M. Slipher with some unsolicited sketches, to help renew the search.

The process was laborious: Tombaugh would photograph the same part of sky several days apart and use a Zeiss Blink Comparator to detect the motion of a nearby planet against the more distant “fixed” stars. Once Tombaugh got going toward the end of 1929, the discovery came remarkably fast: on February 18, 1930, he detected the distant planet on plates taken on the 23rd and 29th of January.

The discovery was announced March 13, 1930. On the evening of March 12, director V.M. Slipher sent a telegram to the Harvard College Observatory. The telegram’s message was used to create Harvard College Observatory Announcement Card 108, which officially announced the new planet’s discovery and was released on the 13th. Slipher wrote a more detailed account of the discovery and printed it as a Lowell Observatory Observation Circular, also releasing it on the 13th. Astronomer Carl Lampland was busy as well on this day. On behalf of the Observatory, he presented the Lowell Prize to the top mathematics student at Arizona State Teacher’s College at Flagstaff (today known as Northern Arizona University). The ceremony was in front of a 500-person audience in Ashurst Hall. As part of his speech, Lampland made the first public announcement of the new planet’s discovery. Unfortunately, few, if any, of the audience members heard this important message, since the soft-spoken Lampland could not be heard in the echo-filled, uncarpeted room. The announcement date was significant, for it had been March 13, 1781 that William Herschel discovered Uranus. Also, March 13, 1930 would have been Percival Lowell’s 75th birthday, a fitting tribute to the man whose inspiration led to the discovery of this new planet by Clyde Tombaugh.

Check Out #TeamPluto!

90 years ago, Pluto was discovered by scientists at Lowell Observatory. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. How did this happen? This Discovery documentary follows YouTube star and TV host Nick Uhas and a team of esteemed scientists on the quest to understand the fierce fascination with Pluto’s planetary standing. Watch below:

Photo: Clyde Tombaugh studies photographic plates through the Blink Comparator | Lowell Observatory Archives

By Madison Mooney

Feb. 2, 1964: Ranger 6 crash-lands on the Moon

The Ranger 6 Robotic Spacecraft | NASA Headquarters – GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) – Great Images in NASA Description

On February 2, 1964, the Ranger 6 probe was deliberately crash-landed on the surface of the Moon to obtain up-close, high-resolution photos of the lunar surface during the final minutes before impact. The probe made impact in the Sea of Tranquility, a lunar mare¹ located in the Moon’s Tranquillitatis Basin. The probe carried 6 television cameras, each containing their own power supply and transmitter to ensure the highest probability of success. However, due to a failure in the probe’s camera system, no images could be returned to Earth.

¹ A lunar mare (plural “maria”) is a large, dark, basaltic plain on Earth’s Moon, formed by volcanic activity. They were called maria (Latin for “seas”) by early astronomers who mistook them for bodies of water on the lunar surface.

Feb. 4, 1906: Clyde Tombaugh is born

Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois on February 4, 1906. He is best known for his groundbreaking discovery of dwarf planet Pluto, then considered to be the 9th planet in our solar system, at Lowell Observatory in February of 1930. At the time of his discovery, Tombaugh was just 24 years old. He is also credited with the discovery of several asteroids, many of which were found as a byproduct of his search for Pluto and other celestial objects.

Tombaugh stands with one of his homemade telescopes | Unknown (Public Domain)

Tombaugh built his own telescopes from scratch while living on a farm with his parents in Burdett, Kansas. He was offered at job at Lowell Observatory in 1929 after sending sketches of Mars and Jupiter based on the observations he had made with his homemade telescopes. After discovering Pluto, he went on to earn a bachelor’s and master’s degree in astronomy at the University of Kansas, fulfilling a dream that had once been dashed by a storm that destroyed his family’s crops.

Tombaugh retired in 1973 after a long, fruitful career that included working at White Sands Missile Range, teaching personnel navigation at Northern Arizona University, and teaching astronomy at New Mexico State University. He died in Las Cruces, New Mexico on January 17, 1997.

Tombaugh received many honors and awards both before and after his death, including induction into the International Space Hall of Fame and the naming of the Tombaugh Regio, a heart-shaped surface feature of Pluto.

Feb. 5, 1971: Mariner 10 makes its closest approach to Venus and Apollo 14 lands on the Moon

A particularly eventful day in astronomy history, February 5, 1971 saw the Mariner 10 space probe make its closest approach to planet Venus and the 8th manned mission in the Apollo program, Apollo 14, complete a successful landing on the surface of the Moon.

Mariner 10’s approach to Venus

An artist’s rendering of the Mariner 10 probe in space | NASA

Mariner 10 was a robotic space probe launched on November 3, 1973, with a mission to complete flybys of Mercury and Venus and gather data on their environments, atmospheres, surfaces, and characteristics. It made its closest approach to Venus on February 5, 1971. After making its closest approach to Mercury on March 29, 1974, Mariner 10 became the first probe to successfully perform flybys of multiple planets, as well as the first to complete a dual-planet gravity assist mission.¹

Apollo 14 landing

Alan Shepard standing with the American flag on the Moon | Edgar Mitchell, NASA

Apollo 14 astronauts Alan Shepherd, Edgar Mitchell, and Stuart Roosa began their journey to the Moon on January 31, 1971, touching down on the lunar surface 5 days later.

During their two surface walks, Shepherd and Mitchell collected Moon rocks and performed several scientific experiments. Perhaps most notably, Shepherd hit two golfballs he’d brought with him with a makeshift golf club. Meanwhile, Roosa remained in orbit to conduct experiments and photograph the lunar surface. At the request of the National Forest Service, he brought hundreds of tree seeds with him on the mission to be planted upon his return. The three astronauts touched down safely in the Pacific Ocean on February 9.

¹ In the case of the Mariner 10 mission, the probe used Venus’s gravitational pull to “slingshot” itself toward Mercury.

Feb 6. 1994: Clementine enters lunar orbit

Artist’s rendering of Clementine fully deployed in space | Public Domain

Clementine (originally the Deep Space Program Science Experiment) was a lunar orbiter and asteroid probe launched by NASA and the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization on January 25, 1994. Its mission was to make detailed observations of the Moon and nearby asteroid 1620 Geographos, while also testing the effects of long-term exposure to space on its sensor and components. It failed to reach the asteroid because of a system malfunction, but was able to collect ultraviolet and infrared images of the lunar surface and measure various aspects of the Moon’s gravity and atmospheric pressure. Using data gathered by Clementine, scientists were able to create a detailed profile of conditions on the Moon’s surface.

The probe’s name was derived from the popular American folk ballad “Oh My Darling, Clementine,” as it would be “lost and gone forever” after its mission was over.